Aed 201 Week 6 free essay sample

Axia College Material Appendix C Rights and Responsibilities of Educators and Students Perform a pursuit in the University Library databases and find four school-related legal disputes (with results chose), two which include teachers as litigants and two which include understudies as respondents. Fill in the table underneath. At the point when you offer your educated input, state and examine whether you concur or differ with the result. Base your conclusion on lawful and moral principles as talked about in Ch. 9 of the content. In the event that you don't concur with the result, clarify what might have been simply. Base your clarification upon the rights and duties of those included. Refer to your sources in APA position beneath the table. Name and Date of Case |Brief Overview of Case |Your Informed Opinion | |and Outcome | |Case 1: Educator as Defendant |A understudy was made to do 100 squat pushes since he |I don't concur with the result, the understudy ought to have had the option to sue | |spoke to another understudy during job call. We will compose a custom paper test on Aed 201 Week 6 or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The understudy |the educator in common court for the explanation of In Loco Parentis and | |Name of Case: Aaron Moore Vs. Willis Independent |was later determined to have irritation of the Esophagus |negligence. The educator could clearly tell that the understudy was without a doubt | |School District |and missed three weeks of school. |becoming hurt and the understudy complained. | |The fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the student| | was not denied fair treatment since Texas law states | |Approximate Date(s): December 1, 2000 |that an instructor is insusceptible from being sued for a criminal| | |offense in the event that the person in question is acting sensibly (NA, 2000, P. | |8, 2) | |Case 2: Educator as Defendant |In this case, sports players were suspended for |I don't concur with this decision for the way that instructors will soon | |creating a fight after a game. become frightened to train understudies. On the off chance that that happens instructors can be | |Na me of Case: Wood v. Strickland | |found careless and not acting in their ability as instructors to be certain | |This case â€Å"found that if government funded teachers or |that their understudies is sheltered, opening the entryways for increasingly legitimate issues. | |principals intentionally abused a student’s fair treatment | |rights, they could be held actually subject for | |Approximate Date(s): |financial harms (Arum, R, 2004, P. 43). | |Case 3: Student as Defendant |A understudy is stating his entitlement to free discourse was |I don't concur with this choice, the educator was acting in the resistance | |violated and one. The understudy held a pennant expressing |of different understudies and has a privilege to quit whatever is causing a | |Name of Case: Morse v. Frederick |â€Å"bong hits for Jesus. † The head for this situation went |disruption of different understudies. | |across the road and appropriated the standard and | |suspended the understudy for 10 days. The later decision by | |the ninth U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals decided that she | |Approximate Date(s): January 2002 |can be held by and by at risk for her choice. (Cook, | |G, 2007, P. - 7) | |Case 4: Student as Defendant |This case is concerning a posse part Cesar Sarausad |I concur with the way that the understudies was sentenced, it isn't alright for | |and he is testing his â€Å"conviction as an accessory |violence of any sort and the police had significant proof to prove| |Name of Case: Waddington v. Sarausad |in a March 23, 1994, drive-by shooting at Ballard High |that he was included. The way that different understudies have passed on in wrongdoings | |School that murdered 16-year-old Melissa Fernandes |that have a similar nature doesn't pardon him from blame. | |(Walsh, M. , 2008, p. 7)† | |Approximate Date(s): | References Type references here in APA group. fifth Circuit Upholds Laws on Corporal Punishment. 12/11/2000. Instruction USA, Aspen Publishers Inc. Vol. 42 Issue 25, p8, 2p. Recovered June 28, 2009, from http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=16hid=117sid=a9655997-8683-4f52-ad93-7b6d27e01896%40sessionmgr107 Cook, G. (2007). American School Board Journal. A typical issue. Vol. 194 Issue 5, p6-7, 2p, 1c. Recovered Retrieved June 28, 2009, from http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? irect=truedb=aphAN=24690796site=ehost-live Arum, R. (2004). National Review. Saving Rods, Spoiling Children. Vol. 56 Issue 19, p43-44, 2p. Recovered Retrieved June 28, 2009, From http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=aphAN=14737017site=ehost-live Walsh, M. (2008). Training Week. Court Takes Case Arising From Shooting at School. Vol. 27 Issue 29, p17-17, 1/3p. Recovered Retrieved June 28, 2009, from http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=aphAN=31660343site=ehost-live

Can qualitative research be valid and reliable Essay

Can subjective research be substantial and solid - Essay Example This is on the grounds that without the assistance of this rule we can't decide if when standard techniques are utilized to break down information, will result to derivations that are one-sided. This proposes it just by comprehends the exercises in information age process that will empower one produce a legitimate illustrative derivation. Kirk and Miller (1985:25) express that most procedures utilized in subjective research come in bundle with a scope of dependability checks yet none with legitimacy. In this way, sociology depends totally on techniques that are utilized to guarantee dependability thinking about that perfect legitimacy isn't attainable in principle. This thought depends on the way that all estimation is somewhat are suspect since all estimating instruments can't be flawlessly controlled. This brings a contention that the instrument used to gauge in an exploration is firmly identified with the subject under perception and to that; it is evidently giving material inform ation. As per Silverman (2006:43), it isn't to be accepted that the best way to find out the legitimacy of subjective research is using methods utilized in quantitative research. Different endeavors have been made to set up subjective examinations legitimacy. The choice of which perception is to be chosen in subjective research, is basic for the finish of the investigation and to the degree its product’s assurance and its unwavering quality. Numerous open doors are available that license predisposition to intrude on our choice techniques. This is on the grounds that regularly determination conditions in subjective research are verifiable and made with no hesitant test to survey potential predispositions. Numerous wellsprings of predispositions are welcomed when arbitrariness is deserted during choice (King, Keohane and Verba, 2001:128). As per Silverman (2006:279-89), unwavering quality with regards to subjective research has been identified with the age of a quantifiable ide a. This suggests reliably recording of perceptions is a solid strategy. Correspondingly, specialists accept that unwavering quality is the reliability of the level of consistency. Having brought up that, specialists utilize an assortment of strategies when gathering information, for example, meetings, support and reports among others to gather their perceptions subsequently making a steady record of perceptions (Rubin and Babbie, 2010). In spite of the fact that suppositions differ with respect to the level of dependability that can be tended to in subjective research, there is a sound understanding by Silverman that should be thought of. When estimating an idea by develop legitimacy, the proportion of an idea is identified with another concept’s measure whereby the two ideas are supposed to be connected, representation of build legitimacy is done along these lines. This includes a scientist to indicate that the two ideas are connected (Ragin, Nagel and White, 2004). This sug gests when the measures are connected, each measure has develop legitimacy of the other yet in the event that they are not related, at that point there is no build legitimacy. Measures need face legitimacy if valid justifications develop to scrutinize the relationship of the measure to the idea under examination. This proportion of legitimacy is

MindMeister Wins Best Teaching and Learning Site Award

MindMeister Wins Best Teaching and Learning Site Award The American Association of School Librarians (AASL) has just named MindMeister as one of the Top 25 Web sites for Teaching and Learning, and naturally, were chuffed about the news. The list is a new resource honoring the top twenty-five Internet sites for enhancing learning and curriculum development and is considered the best of the best by AASL. Nice ?? The Top 25 Web sites for Teaching and Learning were named so because they foster the qualities of innovation, creativity, active participation and collaboration. Other Web sites honored include: Diigo; Facebook; Google Reader; Ning; Second Life; Skype; Twitter; Wikispaces; Wordle; and Zoho. You can find more details about the award on the AASL website, and heres a link to our press release. P.S. I know we don’t deserve an award for timely delivery of our iPhone app so please don’t comment on this â€" the app is scheduled to be submitted to the AppStore this week… Introduce Mind Mapping in Your Classroom Try MindMeister

John Maynard Keynes s Economic Theories Essay - 1245 Words

John Maynard Keynes was born in 1883 and passed in 1946. He was an economist, journalist and financier, known for his economic theories. The majority of his theories have to do with prolonged unemployment. He believed there would be no automatic self-adjustment and that the economy could stagnate in continuous unemployment or inflation. Keynes believed that the economy is susceptible to unexpected changes in spending behavior and won’t self-adjust to a desired macro equilibrium. When there are changing expectations Keynes believed that savings would increase and consumption would decrease causing gross domestic product to fall. This would create business outlook to be gloomy. Rather than the economy gravitating back to full employment, Keynes saw the economy getting more unstable when there is a change of expectations. When an economy is in a recession Keynes proposed that the government should buy more output, employ more people, provide more income transfers and make more mo ney available. Keynesian policy popularity changed significantly from the time of the Great Depression to today. During the time of the Great Depression, no one could figure out how to get people to keep spending, but then Keynes came along and suggested that the government must spend the money when all else fails. Keynesian policy was revolutionary during the time of the Great Depression because his idea of government spending is what got America out of the Depression. In the 1960s an idea developed,Show MoreRelatedJohn Maynard Keynes s Economic Theory And Policy After World War II1307 Words   |  6 Pagesemployment. John Maynard Keynes came up with a theory as a counterargument: that aggregate demand is the single most powerful force in any economy. Keynes explains that free markets are not able to balance themselves out enough to lead to the full employment everyone was waiting for. The 1930s gave rise to Keynes’ ideas, especially after the publication of his revolutionary book The Gen eral Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money in 1936. â€Å"Keynesian economics dominated economic theory and policyRead MoreBiography of John Maynard Keynes Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of economics, there have been many experts and professors whose ideas and theories have fundamentally affected our thoughts and practices, but none has been as influential on this subject as John Maynard Keynes. He was a British economist who revolutionized economic thinking and to this day his work continues to be appreciated and utilized by many into what is known as â€Å"Keynesian Economics.† John Maynard Keynes was an Englishman born in 1883, who went on to become one of theRead MoreKeynesian Theory And Aggregate Demand1499 Words   |  6 PagesKEYNESIAN THEORY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND By Riley Lennon The great depression in the 1930’s devastated the economic market, but also produced two of the greatest economists to ever live, John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich August Hayek. Why did the economist John Maynard Keynes advocate for the government to have an active role with influencing the level of economic activity. This is because Keynes believes that this will stimulate the economic activity and bring the country out of economic droughtRead MoreThe Economic Life Of John Maynard Keynes1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Economic Life of John Maynard Keynes Morgan State University Julius Sesay Social Science 101.002 Prof. J Mohan October 4, 2016 Abstract According to my studies, I’m going to talk about John Maynard Keynes and his economic life. He is one of the most recognizable and influential economist of the 20th Century. For my research, I was summarizing about the life-term history of the world’s brilliant economist, who made economics possible. The paper will be about howRead MoreKayne vs Hayek1370 Words   |  6 PagesChanya Udomphorn ID# 5380040 Macroeconomics Mr. Rattakarn Komonrat Keynes vs. Hayek Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the whole economy. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. They develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflationRead MoreThe Theory Of Keynesian Economics916 Words   |  4 Pages1930’s â€Å"classical theory had difficulty in explaining why the depression kept getting worse† (Cheung, n.d., para. 1). Many economists have attempted to develop theories that help to explain changing circumstances and why things kept getting worse. John Maynard Keynes, a British economist also known as the founder of macroeconomics, saw this as an opportunity and began to develop alternative ideas. His alternative ideas led to the idea of Keynesian economics. What is Keynesian Economics? KeynesianRead MoreMacroeconomics Term Paper : Keynesian Economics999 Words   |  4 PagesMacroeconomics Term Paper: Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes: A famous economist John Maynard Keynes once said â€Å"by a continuing process of inflation, government can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizen† (Brainy, n.d., p.1). Keynes had studied in an economics and finance program, and he searched for a solution as he felt that a depression in our economy may be rising. The solution that Keynes discovered was completely different than any otherRead MoreInsight From Theory And History1638 Words   |  7 PagesEssay 1 Insights from Theory and History When referring to the subject of International Political Economy the main focus of study in this field looks at analyzing and finding reasons for the problems that arise or are affected from the interaction of international political decision, international economics, international trade, as well as different social systems and societal groups. Over the course and development of these systems prominent figures of economic theory and government interactionRead MoreMilton Friedman And John Keynes Are Two World Renowned1143 Words   |  5 PagesMilton Friedman and John Keynes are two world renowned economist, with many similar and contrasting views that have helped set the foundation of our economy. Friedman s ideology on subjects such as the Monetary Policy, Gold Standard, and the Theory of the consumption function are what made him a extremely impactful economist. Keynes has made his impact on the modern day world as well in many aspects. Both of these economists have helped pave the way to a better, more efficient economy. MonetaryRead MoreU.s. Economic Stimulus Package843 Words   |  4 Pages U.S. Economic Stimulus Package Jason Leitch-Williams St. Gregory’s University U.S. Economic Stimulus The Great Recession has been one of the largest fiscal crises of the current generation and the economic downturn that resulted has been recorded as the longest and most severe since the Great Depression (The Impact of the Recovery Act on Economic Growth). Although the economy has reached a stage of recovery, the effects of the recession to real GDP can be seen in business cycle

`` Brownies `` By Zz Packer - 936 Words

In the short story â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer there are a few different settings throughout the story. The use of multiple settings serve as a purpose to establish the mood of the story, and give the reader better insight to the characters and the theme of â€Å"Brownies,† racism. The conflict of Arnetta claiming that one of the girls from Troop 909 called Daphne the n word is tied in with the theme of story, and the setting of where Laurel, the narrator lives, the type of school her and the rest of her troops go to, the time period they live, and the bathroom at the camp all work as a part of the story in order to help give the audience a deeper understanding of the conflict and theme of â€Å"Brownies.† Where Laurel lives helps the reader understand why the other girls from her troop feel a certain level of animosity towards the girls from troop 909. â€Å"When you lived in the south suburbs of Atlanta, it was easy to forget about the whites. Whites were like those baby pigeons: real and existing, but rarely seen or thought about† (Packer 302). The way she describes where she lives gives the audience an insight to the environment the girls grew up in. From growing up in south Atlanta Laurel and the rest of the girls have had very little interactions with white people. The segregation between them has caused the girls to believe that white people think that they are better than them, from what they wear to how they look â€Å". . . with their long, shampoo-commercial hair, straight as spaghettiShow MoreRelatedBrownies by ZZ Packer Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe writer ZZ Packer’s short story, â€Å"Brownies,† is about a troop of African-American Girl Scouts from south Atlanta that takes a camping trip; unfortunately, almost instantly, imaginary tensions build up between them and Troop 909, a group of white girls; struggle that later in this story develops as the main external conflict. Arnetta and Octavia, appear as the leaders of the group, and insist that the 909 girls called one of their group a derogatory word which is the starting point of the conflictRead MoreBrownies, by ZZ Packer Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Brownies,† author ZZ Packer uses the narrator, Laurel, to explore the tensions that exist between belonging to a community and maintaining individuality. While away at camp with her brownie troop, she finds herself torn between achieving group inclusion and sustaining her own individualism. Although the events of the short story occur at Camp Crescendo, Packer is able to expand (and parallel) this struggle for identity beyond the camp’s walls and into the racially segregated societ yRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Brownies By Zz Packer1749 Words   |  7 PagesBrownies Introduction Brownies is a story by ZZ Packer, who is a contemporary African American writer. The story appears in her short story collection Drinking Coffee Elsewhere, which was published in 2003. The story provides a platform that reveals the strenuous relationship between the African American and the Whites during the mid of the twentieth century. The story entails the Brownie troop of fourth grade African American girls who went to a summer camp. During their camping, they did encounterRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1735 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer are two different short stories with different lessons but both talk about the topic of race. Both stories talks about the time in the 20th century when slavery just ended but racism are still active between African Americans and Caucasians. Walker described a story about a single African American mother who is waiting for her daughter to arrive from college. Packer described a story about these African American fourth graders who are inRead MoreAnalysis Of The LessonAndBrownies1464 Words   |  6 Pagesabout a fictional person or place the author has the ability to speak about serious topics without causing any friction with people who may be involved with that particular situation. For example, in â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Cade Bambara and â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer the authors touch on multiple themes which range from the value of education to the impact that the socioeconomic status of a neighborhood or family has on children. The stories are very similar in a sense that they are both centered aroundRead MoreBrownies Short Story973 Words   |  4 Pages In ZZ Packer’s short story, Brownies, we are introduced to two girl scout troops at Camp Crescendo. Laurel’s girl scout troop, consisting of all African American girls, immediately accuses a girl from troop 909, consisting of all caucasian girls, of calling one of them a â€Å"nigger.† Armed with a plan to attack troop 909, to â€Å"teach them a lesson,† Laurel’s troop escapes the watchful eyes of their leaders to confront troop 909. The conflict of the story arises when the girls in troop 909 vehementlyRead MoreZz Packer Essay examples650 Words   |  3 Pagesinfiltrating the minds of many young readers alike. There are several hidden gems though, one example being a very short story, â€Å"Brownies,† written by a magnificent author, ZZ Packer. The story â€Å"Brownies† is a story that many people of cultural value can relate to, for it has many moral values in it. In my honest opinion, although the book was written far more recently, I find that ZZ Packer has the mindset of an â€Å"Old American voice.† She does not write about ridiculous stories with ridiculous action, howeverRead MoreRacial Segregation and Prejudice in Brownies938 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Brownies† is a short story written by author, ZZ Packer, which takes place at Camp Crescendo, a summer camp near the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia. The story surrounds a group of African American Brownie girls, in the fourth grade, who journey to this campsite for a camping experience. On the trip, they encounter another brownie group comprised of white girls, all of who are mentally handicapped. â€Å"Brownies† is told from a first person involved point of view, through a fellow Brownie member fromRead MoreBrownies661 Words   |  3 PagesNavigate Brownies: Introduction Brownies: ZZ Packer Biography Brownies: Summary Brownies: Characters Brownies: Themes Brownies: Style Brownies: Historical Context Brownies: Critical Overview Brownies: Criticism Bryan Aubrey Thomson Gale David Wiegand Brownies: Topics for Further Study Brownies: What Do I Read Next? Brownies: Bibliography and Further Reading Brownies: Pictures Copyright Brownies: Introduction PrintPDFCite . â€Å"Brownies† is aRead MoreRacial Segregation and Prejudice in ZZ Packers Brownies1093 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story, â€Å"Brownies† is written by author, ZZ Packer. It surrounds a group of African American Brownie girls in the fourth grade who journey to a campsite situated near the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia, called Camp Crescendo. On the trip, they encounter another brownie group comprised of white girls, all of who are mentally handicapped. â€Å"Brownies† is told from a first person involved point of view, through a Brownie member from the African American troop, named Laurel. Because the story takes

c) State and discuss the empirical framework that...

c) State and discuss the empirical framework that underlies the relationship of the study. FDI= ÃŽ ²1 + ÃŽ ²2 GDP + ÃŽ ²3 DT+ ÃŽ ²4EX+ ÃŽ µ Where FDI = Foreign Direct Investment ( RM Million) GDP = Gross Domestic Product (RM Million) DT = Debt (RM Million) EX = Exchange Rate (Official exchange rate of local currency units per US$) ÃŽ µ = Error term Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the dependent variable measure in terms of RM Million. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Debt (DT) and Exchange Rate (EX) are the independent variables or explanatory variables in this multiple regression model .Both GDP and DT measures in terms of RM Million whereas for the Exchange Rate, the unit of measurement is official exchange†¦show more content†¦It arises as the effect of the omitted variables and many other factors. Relationship between GDP and the independents variables ÃŽ ²2 ,Gross Domestic Product (GDP) , in RM Million The expected sign for the slope coefficient (ÃŽ ²2) on GDP is positive which signify relationship between FDI and GDP to be positive after several journals have been study. According to Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2006), a bidirectional causality relationship found between GDP and FDI in the case of Malaysia. It indicates that the FDI and GDP have significant relationship and will affect one and another in the same direction. Kolstad and Villanger (2008) showed that the relationship between FDI and GDP is always positive. When the GDP increases, it means the economy of a country is growing, when the condition of the country is stable, it will attract more foreign investors to invest in the country and thus result in the increasing of FDI. The positive relationship also supported by Oyatoye,Arogundade, Adebisi and Oluwakayode (2011). According to Lim (2001), prospective growth accompany by GDP growth, signals higher return, which attract FDI to a host and reduce outflows from a source country. The strength of the GDP is always a determinant for the foreign investor of FDI into the country (Ali Guo (2005)). If the strength of GDP makes the profit rationale, the investors will always seek to make an

Oil and Gas Management International Energy Policies

Question: Write an essay on International Energy Policies? Answer: The prices of the crude oil witnessed a substantial hike during the year 2013-14 which was regarded as stable. The standards for crude oil which had been internationally traded is Brent and lies between the range $100-155 per barrel. The oil price trend reveals that the stable is short sighted and that it does not linger long to be stable but we can rely on Brent prices of oil to be normal. But recently a decline in the oil prices by 40% was seen in June 2014. (GLOBAL TRENDS IN OIL GAS MARKETS TO 2025, 2015) The decline in the oil prices has benefited many nations like India but has affected some of the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as it has decided not to curtail its production in order to raise their prices. (The Economist, 2013) This situation aggravated the reduction in oil prices. The saturation of the global oil markets is a result of the increased supply of oil in the markets which has eventually reduced the prices of oil. The ideal step that should have been taken by the member countries in this regard was to decrease the oil supplies so that a situation of excess supply will drive up the prices of oil. Once the pace of the oil price is settled the member countries can again converge to the high production scenario and increase its production. It is the duty of the OPEC to observe and monitor the actions of the Member countries and prevent their dishonest and rogue behavior. (Greiner, 2014) Saudi Arabia is one of the member countries that have decided not to suppress its production of oil. This country is believed to face a crux situation and a victim of nervous politics. The decision of Saudi Arabia to maintain the same level or increase the oil production was out of fear and anxiousness to lose the share and global position in the oil markets. The fall in the Brent crude oil prices for the year 2014 is shown below. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) We can say that the relation that oil, energy and the direction of the international politics is entangled. The main focus of the US is on the two nations: Iran and Russia. (Nardelli et al., 2014)The motive of the US is to dampen the image of both the nations through the fluctuations in the oil prices. Russia is a weak nation and the decline in the oil prices affect this nation adversely as the foreign capital flow into the country will decrease. It would require for Russia to reform its foreign policies and improve its status. Iran has incriminated Saudi Arabia for the decline in the oil prices because of the fact that it refused to curtail its oil production which is shown by the chart given below where the oil production is high during June to August 2014. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The low oil prices meant that revenues earned from the sale of oil will be low. Iran thus earned low oil revenue. It can be deciphered that it is the work of the US through coercion on Saudi Arabia t o weaken the economic condition of Iran and leave the country with no option but to sign the deal on nuclear power with the US. (Oil Price Review, 2013) This would result in the loss of nuclear capability of Iran. The decline in the oil prices has also benefited certain nations previously but with China the case goes in different direction. China is the emerging industrialized country and it had huge plans to introduce shale gas. This is because China want its nation to be self reliant and self sufficient in energy. But if China was successful in implementing such a plan then it would definitely hamper the position of the US. So the US with its power was able to influence the international companies that would help China to set up the shale gas. These international companies which eventually assisted the US to build its own shale gas were incurring loss due to decreased production and high cost. Left with no other option these companies had to withdrew and discontinue their investments on projects like the one in China. Thus China can be regarded as the next victim. The other nations were facing a destructive and damaging phases due to the unusual decision of the OPEC. The damaging impact of O PEC on its other member countries like Libya and Venezuela deteriorated the economic position of the countries. The downswing of the oil price will have a long lasting effect on the Non OPEC Countries. (Reuters, 2015) The Non OPEC countries were anticipated to increase their production but at a slower rate. This would prevent the North American energy companies to earn lower profits. The strategies and policies that can be implemented by the Non OPEC Countries are explained with respect to the US economy. (Peakoil.com, 2015) With virtue of the decline in the oil price the US can reform energy policies and can even restrict the subsidies it spends on fossil fuel, can allure investors who would augment the oil price increase relative to OPEC and increase their revenues. From the chart below we can see that the production of crude oil in the USA followed an upward trend in the year 2014-15. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The agreements that are used in the oil and natural gas industries can be segregated into two types which are concessions and contractual agreements. Concession agreements involve equity interest and royalties that are calculated from the production value and income taxes on the total income. Contractual agreements consist of production share, contracts regarding service and risk connected to the contracts. The factors that influence the agreement depend on the type of agreement implemented by the resource holder. While formulating the concession agreement exclusive rights of Exploration and Production of the oil companies must be granted by the states concerned, finance and taxation responsibilities must be on the oil companies, the domestic supply of oil and gas and the sources of cash flow, and costs and benefits must be included. (Alramahi, 2015) Many countries put the energy policies on the spotlight. The Czech Republic has implemented the State Energy Strategy in order to decrease its lignite production. Germany in this regard has also introduced annual progress report for creating awareness on the countrys energy policy. Canada also introduced The Responsible Resource Development Plan with a view to achieve the goals and change its regulatory system. The procedure of building infrastructure of the energy sector has been eased out by the Netherland to retain the national interest. Sweden has also taken a step forward than all other nation by planning to launch a fossil fuel free automobile by the year 2030. It also taxes the individuals, companies and factories on carbon dioxide emission which made the nation a carbon free one.teh USA had implemented a Climate Action Plan for prevention of greenhouse gas emission. The plan aimed at reducing carbon pollution, preparing for climate change and combating any global climate chan ges. (Energy Policy Highlights, 2015) The challenges that the international energy policies face make its implementation robust and needs a solution. While initiating projects and policies the energy sector must consider the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Barker and Jones, 2013)and spatial planning else there can arise complications. The policy making must be assisted by a committee of expertise so that the energy policies are implemented without distortions. Without such expertise the policies may be criticized on several grounds. (Oilandgasuk.co.uk, 2015)One of the challenges that the energy sector faces is the interference at the national level regarding the implementation of the policies. This may not be preferred or welcomed by most of the local and regional governments as a result country clash can occur. Another restriction that is imposed on the formulation of the energy policies is the lack of appropriate and complete data on prices and consumption of international energy by the household, transportation sector and other trading sectors. In this regard the energy companies must hire an energy expert who can monitor and formulate suitable policies and also appoint a skilled executive who would and maintain a smooth connection between EIA and the spatial planning and help to assemble correct data. (generator, 2015) The important aspect that provides direction to the global economy is the world demand and supply of products. The rise in the population attributed the rise in the world demand. The challenge here is that with the increased population and increased demand, there will be rise in the demand for oil which the oil companies have to satisfy with increased production. It is important for OPEC to check out the emerging powerhouses like the ones in China and India which is depicted in the charts below. These powerhouses can pose a threat to the other oil companies which would impact the demand and supply of the oil as they are supposed to race with the developed nations through the per capita energy use. The complexity of the challenges also arises from the environmental and geopolitical discord. (Forbes, 2015) Both the charts show that during june-july 2014, the oil production was high for both countries though the production for India(Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) is low relative to China. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The access to resources of oil is limited for the oil companies as the major portion which is about 80 percent of the resources are in the hands of the National Oil Companies (NOCs) and host governments. This can be counted as a challenge to the oil companies. The oil industries must have services being rendered in the field of engineering, drilling, procurement and constructions purposes which involves high cost. For the heavy scale industries, technology is an important factor. Purchasing machines means making business investment but what is more important and cost impending is the recruitment of skilled and experienced technical porfessionals that have the capacity to operate such complex machines and technology. All these would mean that the industry will incur more cost. Now an increased cost must be curtailed in two ways either by increasing the sales or raising the prices. Considering the oil prices and its instability, oil companies can never rely on the price to cover up the cost. What they can to si to incrfease the oil production to mitigate the increase in the cost. There is an immediate need to mordernize the oil sector by introducing and installing new technology or in other words technological advancement is required in the oil sector. Now we have already discussed about the higher cost associated with the technological upgradation. The rise in the population at a geometric rate causes a rise in demand. This increased demand would impose the companies to produce more and in doing so the companies must update their machines and technology to increase production. The other side of the technological advancement is that when experienced employees are hired to operate the machines, there is also a cut in the unskilled and inefficient labour. This causes an unemployment in the economy. One of the ways to combat the challenges of the oil and gas industries is by executing cost effective way to production process. The oil and gas industry must also increase their Barrels of oil equivalencies (BOEs) and enforce change process management. The error that the oil and gas sector is commiting repeatedly is the objective of their business. The oil and gas industries mainly focuses on reducing cost and using cost effective ways to produce oil. But in this regard the sector is unable to identify that such cost effective solutions can be applied to sectors whose market conditions are narrow. The strategy that the oil companies can be recommended is that they must be concerned about the supply of assets and examine their acess to other markets. It is also recommended that these companies must ensure that their presence in markets where there acess is low is not short sighted and they must take steps as to prevent price bidding war. Thus, our essay deals with the decline in the oil prices aggravated by the refusal to cut down production by the OPEC. This does not imply that the oil markets have a dark and devastating future. It is te utmost duties of the oil producers to implement policies that would help to improve the global oil price condition. (Bowler, 2015) References Alramahi,, M. (2015).International OIl and GAs Contracts and Deal making. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://unctad.org/en/docs/diaeiia20097a1_en.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Barker, A. and Jones, C. (2013). A critique of the performance of EIA within the offshore oil and gas sector.Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 43, pp.31-39. Bowler, T. (2015).Falling oil prices: Winners and losers. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29643612 [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Forbes, (2015).How Will The 2014 Drop In Oil Prices Affect The World Economy And Geopolitics?. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2015/01/06/how-will-the-2014-drop-in-oil-prices-affect-the-world-economy-and-geopolitics/ [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. generator, m. (2015).IEA - International Energy Agency - affordable clean energy for all | iea.org. [online] Iea.org. Available at: https://www.iea.org/. [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Greiner, B. (2014).Oil Prices - Decline Turned Into Collapse?. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/billgreiner/2014/12/04/oil-prices-decline-turned-into-collapse/ [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Nardelli, A., Elliott, L., Luhn, A., Dehghan, S. and Black, I. (2014).Recession in Russia, revolt in Venezuela? The knock-on effects of tumbling oil prices. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/oct/16/datablog-low-oil-prices-chill-producer-economies [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Oil Price Review. (2013).Oil and Energy Trends, 38(7), pp.10-12. Reuters, (2015).Libya declares oil crisis over after state reclaims ports. [online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/02/us-libya-oil-idUSKBN0F72LZ20140702 [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. The Economist, (2013).The day of the huge integrated international oil company is drawing to a close. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21582522-day-huge-integrated-international-oil-company-drawing [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).Brent crude oil | 1970-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast | News. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/commodity/brent-crude-oil [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).China Crude Oil Production | 1973-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/crude-oil-production [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).India Crude Oil Production | 1994-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/india/crude-oil-production [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).Saudi Arabia Crude Oil Production | 1973-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/saudi-arabia/crude-oil-production [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).United States Crude Oil Production | 1950-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/crude-oil-production [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Energy Policy Highlights. (2015). 1st ed. p.https://www.iea.org/. Global Trends In Oil Gas Markets TO 2025. (2015). 1st ed. Oilandgasuk.co.uk, (2015).Economics, Energy Policy and Gas - Oil Gas UK. [online] Available at: https://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/economics.cfm [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Peakoil.com, (2015).IEA Sees Oil-Price Recovery; Cuts 2015 Non-OPEC Output Estimate |Peak Oil News and Message Boards. [online] Available at: https://peakoil.com/consumption/iea-sees-oil-price-recovery-cuts-2015-non-opec-output-estimate [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015].